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Terimakasih para guru yang telah berjasa, bangga jadi guru.
25 november 2015
Selasa, 24 November 2015
Selasa, 29 April 2014
AN ACCURATE ENGLISH TRANSLATION
SAUSSURE: LANGUAGE AS A SOCIAL FACT
Towards the end of the XIX century - apparently everything looks good for the time, and some still remain convincing for the present - the similarities of language with biology has been widely rejected. This raises the difficulty of understanding the language as an academic discipline: If the language is not the species alive, in the sense of whether the language is "stuff" that can be investigated? A layman pleased that the French language is something that can be learned, which have certain devices and in some cases the same or similar to English but in other respects different; but when the French language considered as stuff and that stuff is something strange. It is clear that the language was not a concrete object such as a table or as a stretch of land called France. You can not see or hear the French language. You can hear is the waiter Gaston said "pas si bete ...": You can see a line of prints letters on a sheet of newspaper "Le Monde":but how can we interpret a form called the French language which is behind thousands and thousands of concrete phenomena that can be observed as in the two examples that? kind of form is that language? paradigm of biology shows the relationship between the speech and language of France such as the relationship between carrot (carrot) and certain species of carrots: and to the rejection of the biological paradigm opinion, such opinion this is considered satisfactory - although people can only see or eat carrots, people important enough votes to talk about carrots species and discuss, say, genetic relationship with species potatoes. But the first time biologist have been thrown to the side of the road ; second , people have contend that paradigm can not provide a complete answer to the ongoing session. In biology , because the species is an abstraction , at least the individual species are goods that are concrete , some kinds of goods can be easily felt than carrots . But the linguistic analogy to biological individual is idiolek ; and almost all , if not all , the same as a abstraction from the broad concept of language. We can not hear idiolek Gaston as a form ; we can only hear the idiolek examples - comments which he says that he saw a tip that we left behind , and examples idiolek it does not have parallels in biology . So although it is not regarded as a particular problem by linguists of the nineteenth century , the question " How does understanding a form called a language or a dialect of the underlying reality that can be felt rather than specific utterances ? Remain open at that time . People who answer that can satisfy experts as well as experts contemporary her today is the Swiss scholar : Ferdinand de Saussure.
Mongin Ferdinand de Saussure , his full name , was born in Geneva in 1857 , the son of the Huguenot families who moved from Lorraine during the French religious wars in the late sixteenth century . Although people now regard as the first Saussure provides a definition of the notion that so-called synchronic linguistics - the study of language as the system contained in the given time , which is distinguished by historical linguistics ( which to distinguish Saussure called diachronic linguistics ) is for experts contemporaries is the only approach available for studying that time was - in his lifetime was not meant to make it famous . Saussure got educated as an ancient language , and successfully while still a young man published a book entitled Memoire sur lesysteme primitive dans les langues des Voyelles indo - europeennes ( 1878) . The book was published a few weeks after his birthday XXI : When he was a student in Germany . The book is one of the basic of reconstruction of Proto- Indo- European language . Saussure gives Ecole Pratique des Hautes lecture Etudes in Paris from 1881 to 1891, before he returned to teaching in Geneva , all publishing , and almost all the lectures he gave , throughout his work more related to historical linguistics than synchronic linguistics , with in-depth analysis about the various Indo- European languages and not with the general theory that makes it famous now .
In fact , although Saussure produces his work on linguistic theory in general at about 1890 ( Koerner , 1973: 29 ) , he seems reluctant to give it to someone else , and the story of how his ideas can go into publishing is a strange story . In late 1906 he was asked to take over responsibility in giving lectures on general linguistics and comparative history and languages of the Indo - European from a scholar who has quit his service for 30 years ; Saussure taught the material in the remaining years of college and in the years 1908-1909 and in 1910-1911 . In the first year college Saussure limit just about historical matters ; but when he gave the two years he was also a brief introduction to post a synchronic linguistics , and the third lecture , the entire semester is used to provide synchronous linguistic theory . Shortly afterward he died, without a chance to publish any material that theory. Some people have been asked to publish, but he always answered that for preparing lecture materials very time-consuming, but two of his colleagues, Charles Bally and Albert Sechehaye decided on a new fabric of the student lecture notes along with lecture notes left by Saussure. The book they produced is called Cours de linguistique gererale (Saussure, 1916) is a medium that can be used by scholars in the world to understand the ideas of Saussure,and since this document is known as the father of twentieth-century linguist.
Towards the end of the XIX century - apparently everything looks good for the time, and some still remain convincing for the present - the similarities of language with biology has been widely rejected. This raises the difficulty of understanding the language as an academic discipline: If the language is not the species alive, in the sense of whether the language is "stuff" that can be investigated? A layman pleased that the French language is something that can be learned, which have certain devices and in some cases the same or similar to English but in other respects different; but when the French language considered as stuff and that stuff is something strange. It is clear that the language was not a concrete object such as a table or as a stretch of land called France. You can not see or hear the French language. You can hear is the waiter Gaston said "pas si bete ...": You can see a line of prints letters on a sheet of newspaper "Le Monde":but how can we interpret a form called the French language which is behind thousands and thousands of concrete phenomena that can be observed as in the two examples that? kind of form is that language? paradigm of biology shows the relationship between the speech and language of France such as the relationship between carrot (carrot) and certain species of carrots: and to the rejection of the biological paradigm opinion, such opinion this is considered satisfactory - although people can only see or eat carrots, people important enough votes to talk about carrots species and discuss, say, genetic relationship with species potatoes. But the first time biologist have been thrown to the side of the road ; second , people have contend that paradigm can not provide a complete answer to the ongoing session. In biology , because the species is an abstraction , at least the individual species are goods that are concrete , some kinds of goods can be easily felt than carrots . But the linguistic analogy to biological individual is idiolek ; and almost all , if not all , the same as a abstraction from the broad concept of language. We can not hear idiolek Gaston as a form ; we can only hear the idiolek examples - comments which he says that he saw a tip that we left behind , and examples idiolek it does not have parallels in biology . So although it is not regarded as a particular problem by linguists of the nineteenth century , the question " How does understanding a form called a language or a dialect of the underlying reality that can be felt rather than specific utterances ? Remain open at that time . People who answer that can satisfy experts as well as experts contemporary her today is the Swiss scholar : Ferdinand de Saussure.
Mongin Ferdinand de Saussure , his full name , was born in Geneva in 1857 , the son of the Huguenot families who moved from Lorraine during the French religious wars in the late sixteenth century . Although people now regard as the first Saussure provides a definition of the notion that so-called synchronic linguistics - the study of language as the system contained in the given time , which is distinguished by historical linguistics ( which to distinguish Saussure called diachronic linguistics ) is for experts contemporaries is the only approach available for studying that time was - in his lifetime was not meant to make it famous . Saussure got educated as an ancient language , and successfully while still a young man published a book entitled Memoire sur lesysteme primitive dans les langues des Voyelles indo - europeennes ( 1878) . The book was published a few weeks after his birthday XXI : When he was a student in Germany . The book is one of the basic of reconstruction of Proto- Indo- European language . Saussure gives Ecole Pratique des Hautes lecture Etudes in Paris from 1881 to 1891, before he returned to teaching in Geneva , all publishing , and almost all the lectures he gave , throughout his work more related to historical linguistics than synchronic linguistics , with in-depth analysis about the various Indo- European languages and not with the general theory that makes it famous now .
In fact , although Saussure produces his work on linguistic theory in general at about 1890 ( Koerner , 1973: 29 ) , he seems reluctant to give it to someone else , and the story of how his ideas can go into publishing is a strange story . In late 1906 he was asked to take over responsibility in giving lectures on general linguistics and comparative history and languages of the Indo - European from a scholar who has quit his service for 30 years ; Saussure taught the material in the remaining years of college and in the years 1908-1909 and in 1910-1911 . In the first year college Saussure limit just about historical matters ; but when he gave the two years he was also a brief introduction to post a synchronic linguistics , and the third lecture , the entire semester is used to provide synchronous linguistic theory . Shortly afterward he died, without a chance to publish any material that theory. Some people have been asked to publish, but he always answered that for preparing lecture materials very time-consuming, but two of his colleagues, Charles Bally and Albert Sechehaye decided on a new fabric of the student lecture notes along with lecture notes left by Saussure. The book they produced is called Cours de linguistique gererale (Saussure, 1916) is a medium that can be used by scholars in the world to understand the ideas of Saussure,and since this document is known as the father of twentieth-century linguist.
Rabu, 13 November 2013
Using the present perfect
How to form the present perfect
To make the positive present perfect tense, use:
• 'have' / 'has' + the past participle
• Make the past participle by adding 'ed' to regular verbs (for example, 'play' becomes 'played')
• There are a few verbs that change their spelling when you add 'ed' (for example, 'study' becomes 'studied')
• We also have some completely irregular verb
When should we use the present perfect tense?
We use this tense for unfinished and finished actions:
Unfinished Actions
We use this tense when we want to talk about unfinished actions that started in the past and continue to the present. Usually we use it to say 'how long' an action or state has continued with 'since' and 'for'. Often, we use stative verbs in this situation:
• I've known Karen since 1994.
• She's lived in London for three years.
'Since' and 'For'
We use 'since' with a fixed time in the past (2004, April 23rd, last year, two hours ago). The fixed time can be another action, indicated with the past simple (since I was at school, since I arrived):
• I've known Sam since 1992.
• I've liked chocolate since I was a child.
• She's been here since 2pm.
We use 'for' with a period of time (2 hours, three years, six months):
• I've known Julie for ten years.
• I've been hungry for hours.
• She's had a cold for a week.
Finished Actions
1: Life experience
(we don't say when the experience happened, just sometime in the past)
• I have been to Tokyo.
• She has lived in Germany.
• They have visited Paris three times.
• We have never seen that film.
• Have you ever read 'War and Peace'?
2: A finished action with a result in the present (focus on result)
• I've lost my keys (so I can't get into my house).
• She's hurt her leg (so she can't play tennis today).
• They've missed the bus (so they will be late).
• I've cooked dinner (so you should come and eat).
3: With an unfinished time word (this month, this week, today, in the last year)
• I haven't seen her this month.
• She's drunk three cups of coffee today.
• This week they've been shopping four times.
Note: We can't use the present perfect with a finished time word:
• I've seen him yesterday.
'Been' and 'Gone'
In this tense, we use both 'been' and 'gone' as the past participle of 'go', but in slightly different circumstances.
Been
We use 'been' (often when we talk about 'life experience') to mean that the person being talked about has visited the place, and come back. Notice the preposition 'to':
• I've been to Paris (in my life, but now I'm in London, where I live).
• She has been to school today (but now she's back at home).
• They have never been to California.
Gone
We use 'gone' (often when we are talking about an action with a result in the present) to mean that the person is at the place now:
• 'Where's John?' 'He's gone to the shops' (he's at the shops now).
• Julie has gone to Mexico (now she's in Mexico).
• They've gone to Japan for three weeks (now they're in Japan).
Indonesia accepts FIFA ban on national coach
The Jakarta Post | Thu, 04/19/2012 1:13 PM
Aji Santoso: (Tribunnews.com)
Indonesia coach Aji Santoso has been banned for four games and fined by FIFA for accusing match officials of taking bribes during a 10-0 loss to Bahrain in World Cup qualifying
The Indonesian Football Association and Santoso said on Wednesday they accepted the punishments but didn't rule out an appeal. Santoso, now coaching the national under-23 side, was fined $6,530.
Santoso was red-carded by Lebanese referee Andre Al Haddad in the 75th minute of February's match in Manama following allegations he accused Al Haddad of being bribed.
FIFA said Santoso told the officials “(there is) money involved (here).”
In the second minute, Al Haddad sent off Indonesia's goalkeeper and awarded four penalties to Bahrain, which needed to make up a nine-goal deficit on Qatar to have a chance of advancing to the next round.
However, Qatar drew 2-2 with Iran, and those two advanced.
FIFA called the outcome "unusual" and launched an investigation.
Indonesia was warned by FIFA before the match to send its strongest team, but an inexperienced team was selected after Indonesia suspended players from clubs in the breakaway Indonesian Super League.
Edi Ellison, the spokesman for the Indonesian association, said they will wait to decide on an appeal after the result of FIFA's probe.
Because of the loss to Bahrain and the breakaway league, the government was planning to cut funding to the association.
Sumber :
http://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2012/04/19/indonesia-accepts-fifa-ban-national-coach.html
Explanations:
1. Indonesia coach Aji Santoso has been banned for four games and fined by FIFA for accusing match officials of taking bribes during a 10-0 loss to Bahrain in World Cup qualifying.
Kalimat Passive Voice di atas masuk kedalam bagian Present Perfect.
2. Santoso was red-carded by Lebanese referee Andre Al Haddad in the 75th minute of February's match in Manama following allegations he accused Al Haddad of being bribed.
Kalimat Passive Voice di atas masuk kedalam bagian Simple Past.
3. FIFA said Santoso told the officials “(there is) money involved (here).”
Kalimat Passive Voice di atas masuk kedalam bagian Simple Present.
Jumat, 01 November 2013
Frankfurt Book Fair (Germany)
Minggu, 13 Oktober 2013
Senin, 12 Agustus 2013
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